Researchers report a highly efficient graphene/hBN-based electro-absorption modulator

ICFO researchers led by Professor Frank Koppens, in collaboration with researchers from Universita di Pisa, CNIT, Ghent University-IMEC, and NIMS, have reported a novel electro-absorption (EA) modulator capable of showing a 3-fold increase in static and dynamic modulation efficiency while maintaining the high-speed, a value that surpasses those for previously reported graphene EA modulators.

To achieve this, the team of researchers developed a high-quality graphene-based electro-absorption modulator by combining high-quality graphene and a high-k dielectric, also used in microelectronics. The high quality of the graphene was achieved by integrating it with the 2d-material dielectric hexagonal boron nitride (hBN).

Interestingly, the team was then able to add the high-k dielectric material HfO₂ sandwiched in between two layers of boron nitride, which permitted operating with much smaller voltages, and, at the same time, achieving symmetric and hysteresis-free due to the high quality of the graphene. By doing this, the dielectric combination was able to enhance the EA modulator capacitance without compromising the robustness of the device against high voltages, preserve the high mobility of charge carries (increasing the modulation efficiency) while maintaining low levels of doping.

Hitesh Agarwal, researcher at ICFO and first author of the study, explained: "Because one of the major bottlenecks for the integration of graphene into CMOS fab lines is its incompatibility with high-k oxides, this motivated us to build the structure of hBN-HfO₂-hBN. Not only we managed to achieve high modulation efficiency (due to high-K dielectric), but also higher speed (due to increased mobility)."

"We have been waiting for a while to see the outstanding fundamental capabilities of graphene to unleash in applications", Bernat Terrés, Postdoc researcher at ICFO and corresponding author of the work, added. He also stressed that "Optoelectronics is one of the first where this 2D material overcomes current state-of-the-art technologies, bringing an encouraging prospect for other commercial applications".

The novel device was capable of outperforming previous modulators, operating at high-speeds while, maintaining a very high modulation efficiency, low power consumption, achieving a record breaking 39GHz bandwidth, with operations up to 40Gbps speed, and consequently overcoming the fundamental limitations obtained so far with double layer graphene systems.

The compatibility of this device with silicon technology and microelectronics could facilitate the scaling improvements that we face nowadays for the photonic industry as well as implement this type of technology for a much greater range of functionalities in electronic and optoelectronic applications. Such results could benefit applications for high-speed and low-latency optical networks such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, IoT and more.

Collaborator of the study, Marco Romagnoli, researcher at CNIT and work-package leader of the Graphene Flagship, comments, "This new scientific result of ultrafast electro absorption modulator paves the way towards the continuous race for speed demonstrating the highest electro-optical bandwidth achieved with graphene and 2D materials. In addition, this work is also the first example of full 3D integration entirely realized by assembling different types of 2D materials demonstrating the potentiality of these new routes in microfabrication of integrated circuits."

In addition, Wolfgang Templ, from Nokia Bell Labs highlights "This work shows that the discussed 2D-3D dielectric integration of high-quality double layer encapsulated Graphene structures can open the way to the realization of new high performing and micro-sized electro absorption modulators (EAMs) which can be combined with Si-based electronic into most advanced highly integrated photonic circuits".

Finally, Frank Koppens, ICREA Professor at ICFO and work-package leader of the Graphene Flagship, pinpoints: "Data traffic is growing rapidly and will benefit society greatly, for example by enabling autonomous vehicles. The power consumption of high data traffic rates, however, is a key challenge that needs to be addressed. I'm happy to see that graphene-based modulators with much lower power consumption, as shown in this work, can tackle two societal challenges at the same time."