Researchers at Pennsylvania State University have developed a device made of bilayer graphene, which provides experimental proof of the ability to control the momentum of electrons. The study is considered as a step forward in a new field of physics called valleytronics.
The team explains that current silicon-based transistor devices rely on the charge of electrons to turn the device on or off, but valleytronics looks into a new way to manipulate electrons based on other variables, called degrees of freedom. Charge is one degree of freedom. Electron spin is another, and the ability to build transistors based on spin, called spintronics, is still in the development stage. A third electronic degree of freedom is the valley state of electrons, which is based on their energy in relation to their momentum.
The researchers suggested thinking of electrons as cars and the valley states as blue and red colours. Inside a sheet of bilayer graphene, electrons will normally occupy both red and blue valley states and travel in all directions. The device designed in this work can make the red cars go in one direction and the blue cars in the opposite direction. This system puts a pair of gates above and below a bilayer graphene sheet, then adds an electric field perpendicular to the plane. By applying a positive voltage on one side and a negative voltage on the other, a bandgap opens in bilayer graphene, which it doesn’t normally have.
In the middle, between the two sides, the researchers leave a physical gap of about 70 nanometres. Inside this gap lives one-dimensional metallic states, or wires, that are colour-coded freeways for electrons. The red cars travel in one direction and the blue cars travel in the opposite direction. In theory, coloured electrons could travel undisturbed along the wires for a long distance with very little resistance. Smaller resistance means power consumption is lower in electronic devices and less heat is generated.
It’s quite remarkable that such states can be created in the interior of an insulating bilayer graphene sheet, using just a few gates, said the researchers. They are not yet resistance-free, and we are doing more experiments to understand where resistance might come from. We are also trying to build valves that control the electron flow based on the colour of the electrons.
